Wetlands to Waste

This is a journey into the environmental history of Southeast Chicago, created from the voices and donated objects of Southeast Chicago residents.

Along the way, open the upper left tab (  ) to access donated items used in this story. Choose “View Item in Archive” to learn more about an item in a new browser window. Close the new window to return to the story.

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After Southeast Chicago’s steel mills closed in the 1980s and 90s, people thought there would be less environmental pollution.

Sometimes though it’s just the names of the polluters that change.

This is a pollutant called “petcoke.” Community activists donated this jar to the Southeast Chicago Historical Museum to remind themselves of one of the region’s most bitter environmental battles.

In 2013, Southeast Chicago resident Dave Barboza had to cancel a backyard party after high winds blew sticky black “dust” around the neighborhood.

Residents were unsure where the “dust” was coming from. They later discovered it was petcoke blowing off massive uncovered storage piles.

photo credit: Terry Evans

Petroleum coke is a dusty industrial waste product that comes from refining Canada’s tar sands for oil.

Tar sands mining is a form of “unconventional” oil production that is even more environmentally harmful than conventional production. It has sparked worldwide protests for its environmental impact and role in climate change.

READ MORE
Unconventional vs. Conventional Oil and Gas

photo credit: Terry Evans

Loading petcoke onto a barge
on the Calumet River, 2015

Some of the Canadian tar sands were being shipped for processing at the Whiting oil refinery next door to Southeast Chicago.

Aerial image of petcoke piles
on Calumet River, 2014

The petcoke waste was then stored in massive uncovered piles along the Calumet River that had once bustled with steel mills. It was later shipped to other parts of the world to use as a cheap industrial fuel, but one that burns even dirtier than coal.

NBC: November 8, 2013

WTTW: October 17, 2013

Huffington Post: February 27, 2015

Chicago Sun-Times: October 19, 2013

In These Times: January 21, 2014

Residents’ concerns about petcoke’s health effects sparked a battle against powerful polluters and slow-moving city and state officials.

The fight was led by neighborhood environmental groups and community leaders.

Portraits of anti-petcoke activists taken by photographer Terry Evans

hover for resident names

Top-to-Bottom, Left-to-Right:

Ann Joseph, Anthony Martinez, Alberto Rincon, Carolyn Marsh, Cliff Joseph, Jim Kinney, Kate Koval, [unidentified], Arturo Sentano, Martin Morales, Olga Bautista, Martin & Scarlet Morales, Sam Corona, Peggy Salazar.

Community groups used all the tools they could muster to document petcoke’s effects, including learning to create aerial photos by “balloon mapping.”

In the end, they would defy all odds and win the battle against petcoke polluters. Outdoor storage would be banned and petcoke polluters were forced to pay damages to residents.

Olga Bautista
Co-Founder, Southeast Coalition to Ban Petcoke

One of the community leaders who led the fight was Olga Bautista. She was worried about the next generation, including her daughter Liberty.

“Our lived experience is our experience.
That’s what we bring to the table.”

- Olga Bautista
Co-Founder, Southeast Coalition to Ban Petcoke

Balloon-mapping image of petcoke piles
along Calumet River, 2014

When the petcoke dust settled, it settled on homes and in human lungs. But it also fell into the Calumet River and surrounding lakes and wetlands.

To understand what is at stake in these contemporary environmental struggles in Southeast Chicago, we need to look to the past.

That past is bound up with the watery landscape of the Calumet region.

Out of the Wetlands

The Calumet area was once the largest wetland complex in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States.

Migrating birds and other creatures congregated there.

“Don't know if people realize how much swamp land there was around here. You had your Lake Michigan. You had Lake George. You had Lake Calumet. Lake Calumet came all the way through over Torrance Avenue… There was Hyde Lake.”
Mildred Barney
East Side resident

Researchers in the late 1800s and early 1900s saved early plant and animal life from Wolf Lake at the Field Museum.

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It was out of these Calumet wetlands that the industry of Southeast Chicago emerged.

It would also emerge on the land and waterways of people who already lived there.

Gina Roxas and Peggy Gonzales, Southeast Chicago residents
“So this area, historically, before all the settlement, before the mills, was Potawatomi land."

Potawatomi Native Americans once had villages on the land that would become Southeast Chicago. One was located near Wolf Lake, another not far from the mouth of the Calumet River, and a third at Lake Calumet.

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 and Chicago Treaty of 1833 forced most Native Americans, including Potawatomi, out of the Calumet region.

Some Potawatomi individuals had to sell their land, including Shaw Quok Shuk, Pawk Shuk, and Ne‑Maw‑ben, the children of Chief Aub‑be‑naw‑be who sold what would later become Ewing Avenue, the main street of the East Side neighborhood.

Land Title Document
1873[36]

At the same time train tracks were being laid through the Calumet wetlands in the early 1900s, Pokagon Potawatomi were suing Illinois Steel-South Works.

They wanted to reclaim the Chicago waterfront that had once been their home.

Although the lawsuit failed, some indigenous people managed to retain connections to the Chicago region even as others were displaced.

This scrapbook from the Bureau of Indian Affairs shows Native Americans who were forcibly moved as part of “assimilation programs.” Some came to the Calumet region to work in the steel mills in the 1950s to 70s, including Sterling Big Bear who was a friend of Gina’s family.

Explore the "Indigenous Chicago" exhibit at the Newberry Library
Visit the Trickster Cultural Center, a Native American and community arts center located in suburban Chicago
Learn more about Potawatomi history through the Potawatomi Heritage Center

Return to Center

Gina Roxas and Peggy Gonzalez discuss life
for Native Americans in Southeast Chicago.

Explore Gina Roxas’ story on “Indigenous Pasts and Futures in the Calumet”

Explore “Living at Wolf Lake” with the family of Minnie Neubieser Lightfoot

Minnie Neubieser Lightfoot’s family later lived on the shores of Wolf Lake. These photos are from the early 1900s to 1930s.

Three generations at Wolf Lake: Grandma Fredricka Konyvesy, Annie Neubieser, and Minnie Neubieser Lightfoot

In the 1850s, Minnie’s grandparents, the Konyvesys, settled at Wolf Lake. They came from Hungary and Germany. The wetlands were teeming with wildlife. The family would make a living by hunting, fishing and farming. Minnie’s grandfather had learned trapping from Native Americans leaving the region, and her grandmother maintained ties with Potawatomi individuals who periodically returned to the Hegewisch area. Minnie herself would later marry a Native American man.

Minnie’s grandparents used to host tourists from downtown Chicago who wanted to hunt, fish, and relax at their ramshackle house on the lake. In the early years, Abraham Lincoln and his wife Mary occasionally passed through. Family lore related that Grandpa Konyvesy once saved one of the Lincoln children from drowning and that Minnie’s mother Annie picked strawberries as a child to feed Mary Todd Lincoln. From her own childhood, Minnie remembered:

“Everybody liked to come out and visit us from Chicago….On Sunday, the Pennsylvania train would leave the Union Station [in downtown Chicago]. The people… would get on the train there, and they’d get off right down there at the bridge [in Hegewisch], and then they’d walk over to our house and they’d have dinner.”

“And when…a trainload come out, we did a lot of cooking…We canned all those vegetables for winter, and a barrel of sauerkraut….And talk about good eating! My grandma could make the nicest coffee cakes… We always had plenty. The people came out there just to get bread and stuff like my folks made. All that Hungarian fancy dishes....We had pigs – my brother knew how to butcher, cut meat and everything... They had a smokehouse, smoked our meat... Oh, we lived pretty good.”

“[The visitors] would play ball…My father loved to play “balls in the barrel.” He had a barrel, and the men would stand like here and they’d throw the ball and hit the barrel. Course, you know, that was their sport…And baseball. They could go boat riding….They’d get in the boat and go swim…And they could pitch horse-shoes, anything like that…. Everybody had a good time. We entertained them like that…It was a farm. It wasn’t a resort. People [were] meeting that way because there was no place [else] to go. They didn’t have any parks or anything them days…. We didn’t make much money…”

Minnie’s husband was from the Missouri tribe. Their only child died shortly after birth and her husband died several years later. She stayed on Wolf Lake caring for relatives. While some relatives worked in the steel mills or found other jobs, her brother Joe continued to live by fishing and hunting muskrats and mink until the 1940s. The steel mills, however, would eventually crowd out the life on Wolf Lake that the Konyvesy-Neubeiser family - and Native Americans before them - had known.

Return to Center

In the early 20th century, vast numbers of newcomers were coming to the Calumet region to work in the steel mills.

Life was led in growing intimacy with industry.

At the turn of the 19th century, these children were photographed playing in Lake Michigan at a spot that would later become Calumet Park. The smoke from the South Works steel mill can be seen in the distance.

The “environment“ was simply part of daily life.

Kids at one school could watch fish swimming under their feet through chinks in the floorboards. Others caught frogs and turtles in the wetlands. In the winter, young people skated across the wetlands that connected the entire Calumet region.

Growing up in Southeast Chicago’s wetland environment

Quotes from Harold Anderson, Bernice Anderson, Mildred Barney, Signe Bloore, and Ruth Ballman

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Text Transcript

Many who emigrated to the region came from rural farm families. Some had gardens, chickens, and animals. On the East Side, the Findeisen family had a horse named Sam.

Some residents still hunted. The lakes and wetlands were also places to relax when people had time.

The Southeast Sportsmen Club at Wolf Lake would lead some of the earliest conservation efforts in the region beginning in the 1930s.

READ MORE
Green Manufacturing

Green steel advocates in Whiting, Indiana with Lake Michigan and the Indiana Harbor mill in the background, 2023. Photo credit: Matthew Kaplan

Footage courtesy of Stephen Walsh

Museum volunteers and others fought for the creation of Steelworker’s Park on the old US Steel-South Works site.

Along with all those who donated objects and stories, they struggled to make sure the history of the region is remembered.

Residents know, however, that the region’s future is not only defined by them, but also by those from beyond their borders.

Throughout Southeast Chicago’s history, distant planners have offered competing visions, for better and worse, of what they thought Southeast Chicago should become.

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The question remains for all those in Southeast Chicago and beyond - what comes next?

Can learning about the past help us re-envision what WE want our collective futures to be?

What Future Do You See for Southeast Chicago?

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or visit the Featured Exhibits.

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Next Story:
The Closing of the Mills

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PRODUCED BY: Chris Walley

UI/UX DESIGNER: Jeff Soyk

UI/UX DESIGN SUPPORT: Paige Mazurek

STORY NARRATIVE & CREATIVE DIRECTION: Chris Walley, Paige Mazurek, Steven Walsh

CREATIVE CONSULTANTS: Steven Walsh, Chris Boebel

PROJECT MANAGERS: Chris Walley, Jeff Soyk

RESEARCH: Chris Walley, Rod Sellers, Steven Walsh

PROJECT ARCHIVIST: Derek Potts

FRONT-END DEVELOPER: Jeff Soyk

CAMERA: Chris Boebel, Steven Walsh, Matt Goetz, Pratyush Swarup

VIDEO EDITING: Paige Mazurek

GRAPHICS: Paige Mazurek

SOUND DESIGN: Billy Wirasnik

SOUND RECORDING: Steven Walsh, Matt Goetz

FIELD MUSEUM PHOTO STILLS: Matt Goetz, Steven Walsh

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Thanks to all those in Southeast Chicago who donated materials helping preserve the environmental history of the Calumet as well as its long history of environmental activism. Thanks also to the amazing creative team and volunteers whose hard work made this multimedia documentary possible! Thanks to multiple wonderful artists of the Calumet region for allowing us to use their work. Thanks to Steve Walsh for letting us use clips and footage from his documentary “Southeast: A City within a City” and to Chris Boebel for use of footage from “Exit Zero: An Industrial Family Story.” Thanks to Matthew Kaplan, Terry Evans, Oscar Sanchez, Isaiah Sarju, and Stella Brown for use of their artwork. In the opening video about petcoke, B roll visuals were provided by Matthew Kaplan, Steven Walsh, Matt Goetz, Chris Boebel, and Chris Walley. In addition, our sincere thanks to Madeleine Tudor, Chun Kamei, Philip Willink, Doug Stotz and Sara Ruane at the Field Museum for letting Chris W, Steve and Matt into their basement to photograph early Wolf Lake wildlife specimens. Our gratitude to Rick Neubieser for sharing new images, material items, and stories about the history of his family at Wolf Lake. Thanks to Tony Arduino and Declan Cannon, current workers in the Calumet steel industry, who responded to a call by Rod Sellers and provided excellent input onto steel mill processes and associated toxic substances. Our deep gratitude to Olga Bautista, Gina Roxas, Peggy Gonzales, Jade Mazon, and Carolyn Marsh for making time for video interviews (and to Olga and Liberty for braving a freezing wind along the Calumet River!). Finally, thanks also to Madeleine Tudor for her generous input on how to learn more about indigenous presence in the Calumet region and whom to contact.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES TO EXPLORE THIS TOPIC:

Documentary Films:

Walsh, Steve
2023Southeast: A City Within a City. (click to visit) Feature-length documentary film.

Boebel, Chris (dir) and Christine Walley
2017Exit Zero: An Industrial Family Story. (click to visit) 96 min. documentary film.

Sommer, Ines
2023The Hills. (click to visit) Feature-length documentary film.

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